NO. 082Post-Transition

Pb

Lead

Lead is a dense, soft metal used since ancient times. It is highly toxic, affecting the nervous system, and is now restricted despite its usefulness in batteries, radiation shielding, and construction.

Crystal Structure

Face-centered cubic (fcc)

Technical Specifications

Atomic Mass207.2 u

Density11.34 g/cm³

Melting Point601 K

Boiling Point2022 K

Atomic Radius154 pm

Electronegativity2.33

Ionization Energy716 kJ/mol

Electron Affinity35 kJ/mol

Bonding TypeMetallic

Oxidation States2, 4

Acid/BaseBasic

ReactivityLow

Electron Configuration

[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2

Discovered ByAncient civilizations

Year-7000

Known Isotopes

Pb-204Pb-206Pb-207Pb-208